http://www.math.iitb.ac.in/Academics/bs_programme.php
Note that the admission is through IITJEE Advanced only.
–Nalin Pithwa.
http://www.math.iitb.ac.in/Academics/bs_programme.php
Note that the admission is through IITJEE Advanced only.
–Nalin Pithwa.
Problem 1:
The line cuts the circle
at P and Q. The line
cuts the circle
at R and S. If P, Q, R and S are concyclic, prove that
.
Solution I;
An equation of a circle through P and Q is …call this equation I.
And, an equation of a circle through R and S is …call this equation II.
If P, Q, R and S are concyclic, then I and II represent the same circle for same values of and
.
or
so also,
or
or
.
Eliminating and
, we get the following:
, that is,
Problem II:
A straight line is such that the algebraic sum of the perpendiculars falling upon it from any number of fixed points is zero. Show that it always passes through a fixed point.
Solution II:
Let where
be n fixed points. Let
be the given line. Thus, as per given hypthesis, we have
where
and
which shows that the given line passes through the fixed point .
Problem III:
The straight lines and
are intersecting. Find the straight line
such that L is the bisector of the angle between
and
.
Solution III:
Let the equation of the line be
where the slopes of
are respectively
.
Since L is the bisector of the angle between and
we have
Hence, the equation of the required line is
.
Problem IV:
If a, b are real numbers and , find the locus represented by
.
PS: Please draw a right angled triangle PMA, with right angle at M, and P being and A being
.
Solution IV:
Let and
, then the given equation becomes
.
where
and
which is the slope of
, which in turn implies
, or
. The given equation now becomes
….call this as relation I.
If M is the foot of the perpendicular from a point P(x,y) on the line and A is the point
which clearly lies on this line, then from relation I, we have
. Hence, the locus of P is a straight line through the point
inclined at an angle
with the line
.
Problem V:
Find the co-ordinates of the orthocentre of the triangle formed by the lines and
and
, where
, and show that for all values of t and u, the orthocentre lies on the line
.
Solution V:
Let the equation of the side BC be . Then, the coordinates of B and C are
and
, respectively, where
and
are equations of AB and AC, respectively.
PS: Please draw the diagram on your own for a better understanding of the solution presented.
Now, equation of BE is …let us call this equaiton I.
And, equation of CF is …let us call this equation II.
Solving I and II, we get the following:
, which in turn implies that
and
, so that the orthocentre is the point
which lies on the line
.
Cheers,
Nalin Pithwa
In the following problems, each year is assumed to be consisting of 365 days (no leap year):
Problem 1:
What is the least number of people in a room such that it is more likely than not that at least two people will share the same birthday?
Solution 1:
The probability of the second person having a different birthday from the first person is . The probability of the first three persons having different birthdays is
. In this way, the probability of all n persons in a room having different birthdays is
. For the value of n, when P(n) falls just below 1/2 is the least number of people in a room when the probability of at least two people having the same birthday becomes greater than one half (that is, more likely than not). Now, one can make the following table:
Thus, the answer is 23. One may say that during a football match with one referee, it is more likely than not that at least two people on the field have the same birthday! 🙂 🙂 🙂
Problem 2:
You are in a conference. What is the least number of people in the conference (besides you) such that it is more likely than not that there is at least another person having the same birthday as yours?
Solution 2:
The probability of the first person having a different birthday from yours is . Similarly, the probability of the first two persons not having the same birthday as yours is
. Thus, the probability of n persons not having the same birthday as yours is
. When this value falls below 0.5, then it becomes more likely than not that at least another person has the same birthday as yours. So, the least value of n is obtained from
. Taking log of both sides, we solve to get
. So, the least number of people required is 253.
Problem 3:
A theatre owner announces that the first person in the queue having the same birthday as the one who has already purchased a ticket will be given a free entry. Where (which position in the queue) should one stand to maximize the chance of earning a free entry?
Solution 3:
For the nth person to earn a free entry, first persons must have different birthdays and the nth person must have the same birthday as that of one of these previous
persons. The probability of such an event can we written as
For a maximum, we need . Alternatively,
. Using this expression for P(n), we get
. Or,
. For positive n, this inequality is satisfied first for some n between 19 and 20. So, the best place in the queue to get a free entry is the 20th position.
More later,
Nalin Pithwa.
In the following problems, each year is assumed to be consisting of 365 days (no leap year):
I will put up the solutions on this blog tomorrow. First, you need to make a whole-hearted attempt.
Nalin Pithwa.
We continue our presentation of basic stuff from Calculus and Analytic Geometry, G B Thomas and Finney, Ninth Edition. My express purpose in presenting these few proofs is to emphasize that Calculus, is not just a recipe of calculation techniques. Or, even, a bit further, math is not just about calculation. I have a feeling that such thinking nurtured/developed at a young age, (while preparing for IITJEE Math, for example) makes one razor sharp.
We verify a few famous limits.
Formula 1:
If ,
We need to show that to each there corresponds an integer N so large that
for all n greater than N. Since
, while
. there exists an integer N for which
. In other words,
. Call this (I).
This is the integer we seek because, if , then
for all
. Call this (II).
Combining I and II produces for all
, concluding the proof.
Formula II:
For any number x, .
Let . Then,
,
as we can see by the following application of l’Hopital’s rule, in which we differentiate with respect to n:
, which in turn equals
.
Now, let us apply the following theorem with to the above:
(a theorem for calculating limits of sequences) the continuous function theorem for sequences:
Let be a sequence of real numbers. If
be a sequence of real numbers. If
and if f is a function that is continu0us at L and defined at all
, then
.
So, in this particular proof, we get the following:
.
Formula 3:
For any number x,
Since ,
all we need to show is that . We can then apply the Sandwich Theorem for Sequences (Let
,
and
be sequences of real numbers. if
holds for all n beyond some index N, and if
,, then
also) to conclude that
.
The first step in showing that is to choose an integer
, so that
. Now, let us the rule (formula 1, mentioned above), so we conclude that:
. We then restrict our attention to values of
. For these values of n, we can write:
, where there are
factors in the expression
, and
the RHS in the above expression is . Thus,
. Now, the constant
does not change as n increases. Thus, the Sandwich theorem tells us that
because
.
That’s all, folks !!
Aufwiedersehen,
Nalin Pithwa.
Reference: Thomas, Finney, 9th edition, Calculus and Analytic Geometry.
Continuing our previous discussion of “theoretical” calculus or “rigorous” calculus, I am reproducing below the proof of the finite limit case of the stronger form of l’Hopital’s Rule :
L’Hopital’s Rule (Stronger Form):
Suppose that
and that the functions f and g are both differentiable on an open interval that contains the point
. Suppose also that
at every point in
except possibly at
. Then,
….call this equation I,
provided the limit on the right exists.
The proof of the stronger form of l’Hopital’s Rule is based on Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem, a mean value theorem that involves two functions instead of one. We prove Cauchy’s theorem first and then show how it leads to l’Hopital’s Rule.
Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem:
Suppose that the functions f and g are continuous on and differentiable throughout
and suppose also that
throughout
. Then there exists a number c in
at which
…call this II.
The ordinary Mean Value Theorem is the case where .
Proof of Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem:
We apply the Mean Value Theorem twice. First we use it to show that . For if
did equal to
, then the Mean Value Theorem would give:
for some c between a and b. This cannot happen because
in
.
We next apply the Mean Value Theorem to the function:
.
This function is continuous and differentiable where f and g are, and . Therefore, there is a number c between a and b for which
. In terms of f and g, this says:
, or
, which is II above. QED.
Proof of the Stronger Form of l’Hopital’s Rule:
We first prove I for the case . The method needs no change to apply to
, and the combination of those two cases establishes the result.
Suppose that x lies to the right of . Then,
and we can apply the Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem to the closed interval from
to x. This produces a number c between
and x such that
.
But, so that
.
As x approaches , c approaches
because it lies between x and
. Therefore,
.
This establishes l’Hopital’s Rule for the case where x approaches from above. The case where x approaches
from below is proved by applying Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem to the closed interval
, where
. QED.
It helps to think about the core concepts of Calculus from a young age, if you want to develop your expertise or talents further in math, pure or applied, engineering or mathematical sciences. At a tangible level, it helps you attack more or many questions of the IIT JEE Advanced Mathematics. Let us see if you like the following proof, or can absorb/digest it:
Reference: Calculus and Analytic Geometry by Thomas and Finney, 9th edition.
The Sandwich Theorem:
Suppose that for all x in some open interval containing c, except possibly at
itself. Suppose also that
. Then,
.
Proof for Right Hand Limits:
Suppose . Then, for any
, there exists a
such that for all x, the inequality
implies
and
….call this (I)
These inequalities combine with the inequality to give
….call this (II)
Therefore, for all x, the inequality implies
. …call this (III)
Proof for LeftHand Limits:
Suppose . Then, for
there exists a
such that for all x, the inequality
implies
and
…call this (IV).
We conclude as before that for all x, implies
.
Proof for Two sided Limits:
If , then
and
both approach L as
and as
so
and
. Hence,
. QED.
Let me know your feedback on such stuff,
Nalin Pithwa
Problem:
The vertices of an -gon lie on the sides of a regular n-gon and divide its perimeter into parts of equal length. How should one construct the
gon so that its area is :
(a) maximum
(b) minimum
Hint only:
[One of the golden rule of solving problems in math/physics is to draw diagrams, as had benn emphasized by the maverick American physics Nobel Laureate, Richard Feynman. He expounded this technique even in software development. So, in the present problem, first draw several diagrams.]
There exists a side of the
-gon that lies entirely on a side
of the n-gon. Let
and
. Show that
. Then, for
, we have
and the area S of the
-gon is given by
where . Thus,
is a quadratic function of x. Show that
is a minimal when
or
and
is maximal when
.
Let me know if you have any trouble when you attempt it,
-Nalin Pithwa
Here is a problem I culled from Prof. Titu Andreescu’s literature (Geometric maxima and minima) for IITJEE Mathematics:
Problem:
Find the greatest real number k such that for any triple of positive numbers a, b, c such that , there exists a triangle with side lengths a, b, c.
Solution:
We have to find the greatest real number k such that for any a, b, with
, we have
. First take
and
. Then,
, that is,
. Conversely, let
. Set
, where
. Then,
.
QED.
More later,
Nalin Pithwa
Problem:
The length of the edge of the cube is 1. Two points M and N move along the line segments AB and
, respectively, in such a way that at any time t
we have
and
. Show that MN has no maximum.
Proof:
Clearly, . If
for some t, then
and
, which is equivalent to
and
. Consequently,
and
for some integers k and n, which implies
, a contradiction since
is irrational. This is why
for any t.
We will now show that MN can be made arbitrarily close to 1. For any integer k, set . Then,
, so at any time
, the point M is at A. To show that N can be arbitrarily close to
at times
, it is enough to show that
can be arbitrarily close to 1 for appropriate choices of k.
We are now going to use Kronecker’s theorem:
If is an irrational number, then the set of numbers of the form
, where m is a positive integer while n is an arbitrary integer, is dense in the set of all real numbers. The latter means that every non-empty open interval (regardless of how small it is) contains a number of the form
.
Since is irrational, we can use Kronecker’s theorem with
. Then, for
, and any
, there exist integer
and
such that
. That is, for
we have
. Since
, we have
.
It remains to note that tends to 1 as
tends to 0.
Hence, MN can be made arbitrarily close to 1.
Ref: Geometric Problems on Maxima and Minima by Titu Andreescu, Oleg Mushkarov, and Luchezar Stoyanov.
Thanks to Prof Andreescu, et al !
Nalin Pithwa